​Rapid iteration of geometries resulted in a finalized design that would ensure compliance with P.51.

IAR is thrilled to introduce a significant enhancement to our prototyping capabilities: the Form 4 SLA Printer. This cutting-edge technology vastly improves our ability to swiftly address detailed acoustic queries such as "what happens when I change XYZ...?"

​IAR has prototyped plastic parts using a Fused Deposition Method (FDM) printer (Prusa), supplemented by a large-format resin printer (Peopoly L) added three years ago. While FDM remains ideal for economical and rapid fixturing solutions, its melted plastic lines and occasional air gaps between layers act acoustically like a highly resistive porous wall, necessitating epoxy coating of thin enclosure walls for transducer applications—a labor-intensive process.

The use of non-occluding off-ear audio speakers has significantly increased in recent years, driven by the growth of Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and smart glasses assistant products. These devices contribute to the existing array of products with off-ear audio, such as sport earphones, hearing assistants (hearables), and open ear  headphones.

There are several advantages to open ear audio systems. In terms of comfort, the ear pinna and tragus are highly sensitive, making it beneficial to leave them untouched for long-term product wearability. An open design also eliminates concerns about thermal buildup. Furthermore, the acoustic waves of the sound source to naturally diffract around a user's ear which has benefits for perceived spaciousness (stereo image/ERTF) and sound source localization, contributing to the advancement of AR/VR scene realism.

However, a major audio issue with these devices is usually limited bandwidth. Traditional headphone designs require a seal to the ear to reproduce low frequencies with a small driver. Conversely, sealed box microspeaker designs such as those found in laptops and cell phones need a large speaker diaphragm or displacement (volume velocity) and back air volume to produce both low frequencies and the required output level. Such a large and heavy implementation is not typically possible on head-worn products. High frequencies are also often compromised by porting designs and diaphragm break-up modes. This article demonstrates a method of open ear speaker design known as the Dipole design, which utilizes the proximity effect to enhance low-frequency output and increase privacy (the ability of others nearby to hear the wearer's audio). One potential tradeoff, among many possibilities, is illustrated when implementing the dipole effect stretched excessively, impacting high-frequency response.

A commercially available smart glasses product has two ports for the speaker in the stem near the ear:

 Many far-field voice devices employ beamforming microphone arrays to improve speech recognition and communication performance. However, often the simulation of the acoustic wave during DSP design only includes phase differences due to array spacing and neglects more complex geometry such as element porting, enclosures, tables or walls.  These objects cause diffraction and reflections of the incoming acoustic wave around the sensor can lead to errors in beamforming and direction-of-arrival algorithms. IAR can use Comsol Multiphysics or Lumped Element Simulation (depending upon the complexity of geometry, frequency range of interest and available time) to provide simulated complex acoustic pressure “vectors” to DSP designers to improve the performance of the array including geometric features, prior to any prototype production or PCB fabrication.

By: Marc Reese and Larry Marcus
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Indy Acoustic Research celebrates its first year! 

A lot of effort has gone this year into building our lab's capabilities to ensure we can support our customer's needs and timing. Below are some pictures of some of our activities in the past few months.

by: Larry Marcus

Built in 1984, the IAR Anechoic Chamber is like me: it’s old but it still works. It has a cutoff frequency of about 120Hz and is about 3 meters by 3.7 meters by 2.6 meters tip-to-tip.  Compare the photo here with the more recent one below in this blog series with the four intrepid IAR founders!

Significant products developed and studies conducted in our anechoic chamber include many IEEE and TIA standards contributions, the first gradient microphones with speakerphones, first extensive ISDN and VoIP testing, first mechanical-acoustical analysis of conference phones, etc., not to mention days upon days of other transducer development and product testing.